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IT 231: IT and Application - Course Materials
Complete course materials for IT 231 IT and Application including syllabus notes, laboratory worksheets, practice questions, and presentation slides
48
Lecture Hours
67
Chapter Notes
7
Lab Worksheets
3
Practice Sets
67
Slide Decks
IT 231: IT and Application
Course Objectives
The main objective of this course is to provide students knowledge of fundamental concepts of computers and information technology and its applications in the real world. Students are expected to learn to use MS Office for word processing, spreadsheets, PowerPoint, Access, and the internet.
Course Description
This course introduces students to the basic concepts of computers and information technology including introduction, hardware, software, memory, input/output, database, networks and data communication, internet, multimedia, computer security, and contemporary technologies.
Course Details
Unit 1: Introduction to Computer (3 LHs)
Unit 2: Information Technology and Business (4 LHs)
- Business in the information age
- Information systems
- Organization structure and IT support
- Evolution and types of information systems
- Business information system
- Categories of business information system
- e-Business system
- Enterprise System
- IT for business
- IT for individuals
- Computers in past and present
Unit 3: Computer System Hardware (8 LHs)
Unit 4: Computer Software (6 LHs)
Unit 5: Database and Business Intelligence (5 LHs)
Unit 6: Data Communication and Computer Network (3 LHs)
Unit 7: Internet and Internet Applications (6 LHs)
- Introduction
- History of Internet
- Managing the Internet
- Connecting to Internet
- Internet Connections
- IP Address and Domain Name System (DNS)
- Client-Server Architecture
- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
- Electronic Mail (Email)
- File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
- World Wide Web
- Search Engines
- E-Commerce, M-Commerce, E-Payment, E-Governance
- Censorship and privacy issues
- Digital Divide
Unit 8: Multimedia and the Web (3 LHs)
Unit 9: Computer Security and Privacy (6 LHs)
- Computer security and control
- Unauthorized Access and Unauthorized Use
- Protecting Against Unauthorized Access and Unauthorized Use
- Computer Sabotage and Protection
- Types of Computer Crime
- Software Piracy
- Anti-Piracy
- Computer Virus, Worm, Spyware
- Professionalism, Ethics and Morality
- Ethical Issues in Computer
- Cyber Law
- Digital Literacy
- Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
- Network Security
- Hardware and Software Firewall
- Data and Message Security
- Encryption and Decryption
Unit 10: Contemporary Technologies and Businesses (4 LHs)
Laboratory Works
After completing this course, students should have practical knowledge of:
- Hardware components of computer
- Operating systems (DOS and Windows Operating System)
- Word Processors
- Spreadsheets
- PowerPoint Presentation
- Database Management Systems
- Internet and its services
Suggested Reading
- Morley, D., & Parker Charles S., Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 15th Edition, Cengage Learning, 2015.
- Paul Bocij, Andrew Greasley and Simon Hickie, Business Information Systems: Technology, Development and Management for the E-Business, Fifth Edition, 2015.
- Peter Norton’s, Introduction to Computers, Tata McGraw-Hill.
- P K Sinha & Priti Sinha, Computer Fundamentals: Concepts, Systems and Applications, BPB Publications.
- Efraim Turban, Carol Pollard and Gregory Wood, Information Technology for Management: On-Demand Strategies for Performance, Growth and Sustainability, 11th Edition, Wiley.
Unit 1: Introduction to Computer
1.1
Introduction to Computers | IT 231
Foundational introduction to computers: definition, characteristics, history, and digital vs. analog.
1.2
Components of a Computer System | IT 231
Understanding the fundamental components of a computer system: hardware, software, data, procedures, and people.
1.3
Generations of Computers | IT 231
The five generations of computers: from vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence and quantum computing.
1.4
Functions of a Computer | IT 231
The four primary functions of a computer: input, processing, output, and storage.
1.5
Classification of Computers by Size | IT 231
Classification of computers: microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
1.6
Data and Program Representation | IT 231
Explanation of binary system (bits/bytes), ASCII, and Unicode for data representation.
1.7
Applications of Computers | IT 231
Overview of computer applications in business, education, healthcare, entertainment, and government.
Unit 2: Information Technology and Business
2.1
Information Systems in Business | IT 231
IT versus IS, data versus information, the Information Age, the components of an information system, and how businesses use IS for strategic advantage.
2.2
Business in the Information Age | IT 231
Information Age overview: data as a strategic asset and the role of knowledge workers.
2.3
Information Systems and Organization | IT 231
Mutual influence of Information Systems and Organizations: structure, culture, and processes.
2.4
The Evolution and Types of Information Systems | IT 231
Evolution of IS: TPS, MIS, and DSS explained.
2.5
Types of Business Information Systems | IT 231
Overview of Business Information Systems (BIS) in Finance, Marketing, HR, and Manufacturing.
2.6
E-Business and Enterprise Systems | IT 231
Introduction to E-Business and Enterprise Systems (ERP, SCM, CRM).
2.7
Role of IT for Business and Individuals | IT 231
Role and importance of IT for businesses and individuals: efficiency, decisions, reach, and convenience, plus negative impacts and Nepali examples.
2.8
Computers in Business: Past and Present | IT 231
How organizations used computers then versus now: batch processing, PCs, networks, and always-on digital business. Generations of hardware stay in Unit 1.
Unit 3: Computer System Hardware
3.1
CPU, Memory, and Hardware Interconnections | IT 231
How the CPU, memory unit, and buses work together as the core of computer hardware, with the block diagram, instruction cycle, and factors that affect performance.
3.2
Inside a Computer: The Motherboard | IT 231
Inside the Computer Cabinet: Motherboard, CPU, RAM, and Expansion Slots.
3.3
The Computer Memory Hierarchy | IT 231
Computer Memory Hierarchy: Registers, Cache, RAM, and Storage trade-offs.
3.4
Types of Computer Memory (RAM and ROM) | IT 231
Understanding RAM and ROM: types, characteristics, and differences between volatile and non-volatile memory.
3.5
A Guide to Computer Storage Devices | IT 231
Secondary Storage: HDDs, SSDs, and Optical Drives explained.
3.6
How Computers Use Memory | IT 231
CPU & Memory Interaction: Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle explained.
3.7
Input and Output Devices of a Computer | IT 231
Input and output devices explained: keyboards, pointing and scanning devices, OMR, MICR, barcode and biometric readers, monitors, printers, and business uses.
3.8
Understanding I/O Ports and Buses | IT 231
I/O Ports & System Bus: Connecting peripherals and internal components.
Unit 4: Computer Software
4.1
Introduction and Types of Software | IT 231
What software is, why hardware is useless without it, the main types and examples, and how software is licensed.
4.2
System Software vs. Application Software | IT 231
System vs Application Software: Functions and Examples explained.
4.3
How Software is Acquired: Build vs. Buy | IT 231
Software Acquisition: Build vs Buy, COTS, Custom, and SaaS options.
4.4
An Introduction to Programming Languages | IT 231
Programming Languages: High-level vs Low-level, Compilers vs Interpreters.
4.5
The Role of the Operating System (OS) | IT 231
Operating System Functions: Hardware management, GUI, and examples.
4.6
Utility Software and System Tools | IT 231
Understanding utility software: system maintenance, security, file management, and optimization tools.
4.7
Software Trends: AI, Cloud, Low-Code | IT 231
Software Trends: AI, Cloud Computing, SaaS, and Low-Code.
Unit 5: Database and Business Intelligence
5.1
An Introduction to Databases | IT 231
What a database is, why file systems fail at scale, the components and users of a database system, and the role of a DBMS.
5.2
Data Concepts: Characters to Databases | IT 231
Data Hierarchy: Character, Field, Record, File, Database explained.
5.3
Database vs. File System | IT 231
Database vs File System: Redundancy, Consistency, and Centralization.
5.4
Database Models Explained | IT 231
An overview of the different types of database models, including the hierarchical, network, and relational models, with a focus on the structure and importance of the relational model.
5.5
Database Management Systems (DBMS) | IT 231
An introduction to the Database Management System (DBMS), the software that acts as an interface to a database, and its key functions like data definition, manipulation, and security.
5.6
The Business-Level Advantages of Using Databases | IT 231 Notes
An overview of the key business-level advantages of adopting a database approach, including improved decision making, enhanced customer service, and increased operational efficiency.
5.7
An Introduction to Business Intelligence (BI) | IT 231 Notes
Business Intelligence (BI): how data flows from source systems through ETL and a data warehouse into dashboards, with KPIs, tools, benefits, challenges, and Nepali business examples.
Unit 6: Data Communication and Computer Network
6.1
Importance of Communication and Networking | IT 231
Why organizations network computers, the five components of data communication, and the benefits and risks of networking for business.
6.2
Data Communication Media and Transmission | IT 231
An overview of data communication media, including guided (wired) media like twisted-pair and fiber optic cables, and unguided (wireless) media. Also covers the basics of data transmission, including bandwidth and signals.
6.3
Network Types and Topologies | IT 231
An introduction to the basics of computer networking, covering the main network types (LAN, WAN) and the common physical network topologies (Bus, Star, Ring).
6.4
Network Protocols and Hardware | IT 231
An overview of the essential protocols (TCP/IP, Ethernet) and hardware (switches, routers, modems) that make computer networking possible.
6.5
Wireless Networking Basics | IT 231
Wireless networking basics: types of wireless networks (WPAN, WLAN, WMAN, WWAN), Wi-Fi components and standards, Bluetooth and NFC, wired vs wireless, and how to secure Wi-Fi with WPA2/WPA3.
Unit 7: Internet and Internet Applications
7.1
History and Management of the Internet | IT 231
How the internet grew from research networks, who manages it, how it reached Nepal, and how it differs from the Web.
7.2
How to Connect to the Internet | IT 231
Ways to connect to the internet: dial-up, DSL, cable, fiber (FTTH), leased lines, Wi-Fi, cellular, and satellite, with the equipment needed, a comparison table, Nepali context, and how businesses choose a connection.
7.3
IP Addresses and DNS | IT 231
An explanation of IP addresses, the unique identifiers for devices on the internet, and the Domain Name System (DNS), which translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses.
7.4
Client-Server Architecture | IT 231
An introduction to the client-server architecture, the fundamental model of the internet, explaining the roles of clients and servers and how they interact.
7.5
Internet Protocols: HTTP, Email, FTP | IT 231
An overview of three fundamental internet application protocols: HTTP for the World Wide Web, the protocols for email (SMTP, POP3, IMAP), and FTP for file transfer.
7.6
The World Wide Web and Search Engines | IT 231
An introduction to the World Wide Web, its key components like web browsers and web servers, and the crucial role of search engines in navigating its vast amount of information.
7.7
E-Commerce, M-Commerce, E-Payment, and E-Governance | IT 231
E-commerce models, m-commerce, electronic payment systems in Nepal, and e-governance services, with advantages, challenges, and exam questions.
7.8
Ethical and Social Issues of the Internet | IT 231 Course Notes
An examination of the major ethical and social issues associated with the internet, including censorship, the erosion of privacy, and the digital divide.
Unit 8: Multimedia and the Web
8.1
Elements of a Multimedia System | IT 231
Multimedia elements (text, graphics, sound, video, animation), linear vs interactive multimedia, raster vs vector graphics, and common image, audio, and video file formats for exams.
8.2
Web-Based Multimedia and Future Trends | IT 231
An overview of web-based multimedia and the future trends shaping the field, including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and the metaverse.
8.3
Multimedia Applications in Business | IT 231
How businesses use multimedia in training, marketing, sales, tourism, real estate, banking, and communication, with Nepali examples, tools, benefits, and limitations.
Unit 9: Computer Security and Privacy
9.1
Computer Security and Control | IT 231
CIA triad, threats, vulnerabilities and risk, types of security controls, and how this unit maps to access, crime, malware, ethics, and law.
9.2
Unauthorized Access and Protection | IT 231
An overview of the threat of unauthorized access to computer systems and the primary methods of protection, including authentication methods like passwords, biometrics, and two-factor authentication.
9.3
Computer Sabotage and Cybercrime | IT 231
Computer sabotage and cybercrime: types of perpetrators, forms of sabotage and computer crime, how to protect against them, and how cybercrime is handled in Nepal.
9.4
Software Piracy and Anti-Piracy | IT 231
Software piracy and its types, why it harms users and businesses, and the technical, legal, and business measures used to prevent it, including licence keys, online activation, DRM, and subscriptions.
9.5
Malware: Viruses, Worms, and Trojans | IT 231
An overview of malware (malicious software), covering the main types including viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and ransomware, and how to protect against them.
9.6
Professionalism, Ethics, and Morality in IT | IT 231 Course Notes
Professionalism, ethics, and morality for IT professionals: key ethical issues, codes of ethics, the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics, and how to reason through ethical dilemmas.
9.7
Cyber Law, Digital Literacy, and Copyright | IT 231 Course Notes
Cyber law and digital literacy, with a Nepal overview of the Electronic Transactions Act, 2063, and copyright, designs, and patents. Educational, not legal advice.
9.8
Network Security: Firewalls, Encryption | IT 231
Network security fundamentals: types of firewalls, hardware vs software firewalls, symmetric and asymmetric encryption with a worked example, and how HTTPS and VPNs protect data in transit.
Unit 10: Contemporary Technologies and Businesses
10.1
AI and Its Impact on Business and Society | IT 231
What AI is at course level, and how it affects jobs, firms, and everyday life in Nepal and globally.
10.2
AI Concepts: Data Science, Machine Learning, and Neural Networks | IT 231
Data Science, Machine Learning (supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement), and Neural Networks explained with business examples, the data science process, and limitations.
10.3
Cloud, Green, and Virtual Computing Trends | IT 231
Cloud computing (service and deployment models), green computing practices, and virtualization explained with comparison tables, benefits, risks, and Nepali examples.
10.4
Big Data and Blockchain Explained | IT 231
Introduction to Big Data and Blockchain: key characteristics (3Vs) and distributed ledgers.
10.5
Social Media & Digital Marketing | IT 231
Introduction to social media and digital marketing channels such as SEO, content, social, email, and paid ads, with Nepali examples and key metrics.
10.6
The Internet of Things (IoT) | IT 231
Introduction to IoT: how connected devices and sensors work, business applications in Nepal, benefits, and privacy and security risks.
Compact lab worksheets matching the syllabus Laboratory Works. These are original practice tasks, not a substitute for faculty-supervised lab sessions.
0.1
Lab 1: Hardware Identification | IT 231
Identify cabinet components, ports, and input/output devices on a real PC.
0.2
Lab 2: DOS and Windows Operating System | IT 231
Use Windows GUI essentials and a short set of Command Prompt commands.
0.3
Lab 3: Word Processor | IT 231
Format a one-page business memo in Microsoft Word or a compatible word processor.
0.4
Lab 4: Spreadsheets | IT 231
Build a small sales sheet with formulas, formatting, and a chart in Excel or equivalent.
0.5
Lab 5: PowerPoint Presentation | IT 231
Build a six-slide deck with a consistent theme, notes, and one simple animation.
0.6
Lab 6: Database Management Systems (Access) | IT 231
Create two related tables, enter sample data, and run a simple query in Microsoft Access or equivalent.
0.7
Lab 7: Internet and Its Services | IT 231
Use browser, search, email concepts, and a safe download checklist.
Original practice sets written for this course. They are not Tribhuvan University past papers.
Practice
Units 1–5 Practice Questions | IT 231
Original practice questions covering computer basics, IS in business, hardware, software, and databases. Not a TU past paper.
📊 50 marks ⏱️ 2.5 hours
Practice
Units 6–10 Practice Questions | IT 231
Original practice questions covering networking, internet, multimedia, security, and contemporary technologies. Not a TU past paper.
📊 50 marks ⏱️ 2.5 hours
Model
Model Question (BBA) | IT 231
Model question paper for BBA IT 231: IT and Applications covering all units.
📊 100 marks ⏱️ 3 hours
